Anticoagulants are used to treat and prevent blood clots
Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. Some of them occur naturally in blood-eating animals such as leeches and mosquitoes, where they help keep the bite area unclotted long enough for the animal to obtain some blood. As a class of medications, anticoagulants are used in therapy for thrombotic disorders. Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are taken by many people in pill or tablet form, and various intravenous anticoagulant dosage forms are used in hospitals. Some anticoagulants are used in medical equipment, such as sample tubes, blood transfusion... Read More
Trauma surgery is a surgical specialty that utilizes both operative and non-operative management to treat traumatic injuries, typically in an acute setting. Trauma surgeons generally complete residency training in General Surgery and often fellowship training in trauma or surgical critical care. The trauma surgeon is responsible for initially resuscitating and stabilizing and later evaluating and managing the patient. The attending trauma surgeon also leads the trauma team, which typically includes nurses and support staff as well as resident physicians in teaching hospitals. Training. Most United States trauma surgeons practice in larger centers and complete a 1-2 year trauma surgery fellowship,... 
Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in the lumped element model of electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845 by German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.[1] This generalized the work of Georg Ohm and preceded the work of James Clerk Maxwell. Widely used in electrical engineering, they are also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's laws. These laws can be applied in time and frequency domains and form the basis for network analysis. Both of Kirchhoff's laws can be understood as corollaries of Maxwell's equations in the low-frequency limit. They are accurate for DC circuits, and for AC circuits at frequencies where the wavelengths of electromagnetic... 
HEALTH, HEALTH CARE AND MEDICINE 
MEDICAL RESEARCH INSIGHTs Medical Research: 
VOLUME 5 – ISSUE 1 : CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY 
PREVENT CANCER 
In recent decades, the prevalence of airway diseases has increased despite therapeutic advances. 
Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapy is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal with an aim to provide rapid and reliable source of information on current discoveries and current developments in the field of cardiovascular. It aims to be an internationally leading journal which keeps cardiologist, internists and physicians up-to-date by publishing clinically relevant and evidence-based research. 
Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapy is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal with an aim to provide rapid and reliable source of information on current discoveries and current developments in the field of cardiovascular. It aims to be an internationally leading journal which keeps cardiologist, internists and physicians up-to-date by publishing clinically relevant and evidence-based research. 
The most common form of Prostate Cancer, is an uncontrolled proliferation of glandular type cells. 
A SHORT NOTE ON BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) BPH is a non-cancerous proliferation of glandular epithelium and connective tissue stroma within the periurethral prostate gland that results in bladder outlet obstruction. Irritative symptoms attributed to detrusor muscle overactivity are often reported as the most bothersome and are sometimes classified as overactive bladder symptoms. The cause of the BPH, which is variable in location and extent within the gland, is unknown1. Taken together, the obstructive and irritative effects are referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and can dramatically decrease quality of life. Treatment currently consists of medication for milder... 
MEDICAL AND HEALTH RESEARCH 
TOGETHER LET’S PREVENT CANCER “
The 
The 
The 
Being a Managing Editor to 
On behalf of the 
On behalf of the 
On behalf of the 
Eukaryotes Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are eukaryotes, including humans. However, many eukaryotes are also microorganisms. Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles such as the cell nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in their cells. The nucleus is an organelle that houses the DNA that makes up a cell's genome. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) itself is arranged in complex chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles vital in metabolism as they are the site of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. They evolved from symbiotic bacteria and retain a remnant genome. Like bacteria,... 
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As Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to welcome you to Our 
Molecular Informatics 
Chemical Informatics : Open access 
URINARY INCONTINENCE and OVERACTIVE BLADDER Both the autonomic and voluntary nervous systems normally control storage of urine in the bladder and its subsequent excretion by voiding. Nerves originating locally in the spinal cord control the muscles that keep the exit sphincters closed, sense the buildup of urine and then deactivate the sphincters while stimulating the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall to expel the contents. This local neural circuit is sufficient to regulate cyclic filling and emptying of the bladder. After infancy, the local circuit is itself subject to voluntary control by higher levels of the central nervous system which... 
The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium. The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the tropoblast, which forms the outer layer of the placenta. This outer layer is divided into two further layers: the underlying cytotrophoblast layer and the overlying syncytiotrophoblast layer. The syncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated continuous cell layer that covers the surface of the placenta. It forms as a result of differentiation and fusion of the underlying cytiotrophoblast cells, a process that continues throughout placental development. The syncytiotrophoblast (otherwise known as syncytium), thereby contributes to the barrier function of the placenta.The placenta grows throughout pregnancy. Development of the maternal blood supply... 
As sessile organisms, plants are continuously exposed to environmental stress. Since stress avoidance is not an option, plants evolved as organisms that very efficiently acclimate and adapt to stress. Although the mechanism of stress response may be genetically predefined, organisms are capable to modify their responses with various epigenetic changes. Plants are especially flexible in this respect since they do not have a predetermined germ line and thus life experiences in the form of epigenetic memory can be more efficiently passed to the progeny. Indeed, the plasticity of plant phenotypes cannot be simply explained by genetic changes such as point... 
Cancer is a multistep process that arises from a series of genetic and epigenetic events. With recent technological advances there has been a burst in genome sequencing and epigenetic studies revealing a plethora of alterations that may contribute to cancer. However, the great challenge for the cancer research community is the systematic functional characterization of these genetic and epigenetic events to assess their role in cancer initiation and progression. In addition, the emerging role of the tumour microenvironment as well as the immune system in cancer development and response to therapies has made in vivo models critical to confirm and... 
A brief explanation about Prostate Cancer Adenocarcinoma, the most common form of prostate cancer, is an uncontrolled proliferation of glandular type cells. Prostate cancer can grow and invade surrounding structures, obstruct the bladder outlet and metastasize widely often to bone where it causes painful lesions and pathological fractures. Obstruction can cause urinary retention which, if not relieved, can result in kidney damage. Although rare in men younger than 40 years, prostate cancer incidence increases with each subsequent decade and is present in virtually every man who reaches the ninth decade. The prostate is under the control of androgens, and prostate... 
Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature 
Ionic bonding Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main bonds along with Covalent bond and Metallic bonding. Ions are atoms that have either gained or lost one or more electrons. Ions that have gained an electron are negatively charged. They are anions. Ions that have lost an electron are positively charged. They are cations. This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular... 
The 
Mitochondria are dynamic, communicating and highly regulated organelles under the dual control of nuclear DNA (1500 genes) and their own mitochondrial DNA, a 16.6 kb circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), encoding 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA and 13 subunits of the OXPHOS system. Those unique features are responsible for the complexity of mitochondria biology in health and disease. In the last decade, the application of next generation sequencing techniques has shed light on several processes governing mitochondrial genetics. This include: dissecting transcription and translation processes, identifying mitochondrial DNA and RNA modifications in tissues or application of single-cell based essays to characterise new... 
Pediatric cardiology Helen B. Taussig is known as the founder of pediatric cardiology. She became famous through her work with Tetralogy of Fallot, a congenital heart defect in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood enters the circulatory system resulting from a ventricular septal defect (VSD) right beneath the aorta. This condition causes newborns to have a bluish-tint, cyanosis, and have a deficiency of oxygen to their tissues, hypoxemia. She worked with Alfred Blalock and Vivien Thomas at the Johns Hopkins Hospital where they experimented with dogs to look at how they would attempt to surgically cure these "blue babies." They eventually... 
Regeneration studies have a long history with their main attention focused on investigating amazing phenomena found among animals such as limb re-growth in amphibians or reconstitution of a whole animal from isolated pieces, observed in planarians. The regeneration abilities of mammals, and humans in particular, were considered to be very limited. The discovery of stem cells has excited great interest in regenerative medicine, whereas impressive advances in the field of epigenetics showed the molecular basis of organism development and tissue differentiation. Epigenetic aspects of regeneration have long been understudied, but recently there is an increasing body of evidence on the... 
Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapy is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal with an aim to provide rapid and reliable source of information on current discoveries and current developments in the field of cardiovascular. It aims to be an internationally leading journal which keeps cardiologist, internists and physicians up-to-date by publishing clinically relevant and evidence-based research. 
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. X-ray based methods of medical imaging include conventional X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and mammography. To enhance the X-ray image, contrast agents can be used for example for angiography examinations. Molecular imaging is used in nuclear medicine and uses a variety of methods to visualize biological processes taking place in the cells of organisms. Small amounts of... 
Protein Design: Chemical Informatics 
Molecular Editor: Chemical Informatics 
A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning. Polysomnography and actigraphy are tests commonly ordered for some sleep disorders. Disruptions in sleep can be caused by a variety of issues, including teeth grinding (bruxism) and night terrors. When a person suffers from difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep with no obvious cause, it is referred to as insomnia. Sleep disorders are broadly classified into dyssomnias, parasomnias, circadian rhythm sleep disorders involving the timing of... 
Allogeneic Dendritic Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Clinical and Experimental Perspective Cancer Immunotherapy Cancer immunotherapy is facing times of tremendous recognition and has become a clinically validated option for many cancers .The major immunotherapeutic breakthrough in efforts to eradicate malignancies came with the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors which re-energize cancerspecific T-cells . Although effective against certain malignancies the majority of cancer patients do not benefit from checkpoint inhibitors . To work, they require the pre-existence of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells recognizing Tumor-Associated Antigens [TAA]. It is evident that some form of cancer vaccine is needed to induce such TAA-directed... 
Extracellular Matrix and Immune Niches in Human Disease 
Traumatic stress is a common term for reactive anxiety and depression, although it is not a medical term and is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The experience of traumatic stress include subtypes of anxiety, depression and disturbance of conduct along with combinations of these symptoms. This may result from events that are less threatening and distressing than those that lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. The fifth edition of the DSM describes in a section titled "Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders" disinhibited social engagement disorder, reactive attachment disorder, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and post-traumatic... 
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an 
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are 
It results in skin irritation which is associated with immune dysfunction. In this condition the skin evolve rashes, blisters, papules, patches of dryness and some other issues as the immune system accidently recognize something in the skin as baleful and initiates attacking. It may acts as a sign that a situation is leading to become worst and not responding to the treatment. 
it is a T-cell mediated disease appearing in genetically susceptible individuals persuades by the ingestion of several proteins found in wheat, barley and rye. Its common symptoms are diarrhoea, abdominal pain, distension and weight loss. 
A BRIEF NOTE ABOUT KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION (OR) RENAL TRANSPLANTATION When you get a kidney transplant, a healthy kidney is placed inside your body to do the work your own kidneys can no longer do. A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure that’s done to treat kidney failure. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and remove it from the body through your urine. They also help maintain your body’s fluid and electrolyte balance. If your kidneys stop working, waste builds up in your body and can make you very sick. People whose kidneys have failed usually undergo a treatment called... 
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENTS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH 
RESEARCH and APPLICATIONS RELATED to MEDICAL & HEALTH SCIENCES 
LASIK, which stands for laser in-situ keratomileusis, is a popular 
JOURNAL’S VOLUME 5 - CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY & PREVENTION “
LET US PREVENT CANCER “
A short note about Prostate Gland within the field of Urology 
The 
Our 
A heart attack happens when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can’t get oxygen. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. During a heart attack, one of these plaques can rupture and spill cholesterol and other substances into the bloodstream. A blood clot forms at the site of the rupture. If large enough, the clot can block the flow of blood through the coronary artery, starving the heart muscle of oxygen and nutrients (ischemia). Another cause of a heart attack is a... 
Author Name: Desrina Category Name: Science and Technology Description: Cybercrime: Internet erodes teenage impulse controls Many teenagers are struggling to control their impulses on the internet, in a scramble for quick thrills and a sense of power online, potentially increasing their risks of becoming cyber criminals. A new study by Flinders Criminology analysed existing links between legal online activities and cybercrime- for example, how viewing online pornography progresses to opening illegal content, and motivations to evolve from online gaming to hacking. Criminologist says illegal online activity is especially attractive for adolescents already prone to curiosity and sneaky thrill seeking, but... 
On behalf of the Journal of Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Sciences, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to inform you that, it’s been ten long years we have started the Journal The Journal of Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Sciences aims to disseminate knowledge and promote discussion through the publication of peer-reviewed, high quality research papers on all topics related to Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Sciences. Journal of Brain Behaviour and Cognitive Sciences is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, academic journal that provides a quality platform to publish the most complete and reliable source of information in the mode... 
Drug design: Chemical Informatics 
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In recent years, new knowledge on molecular genetics and the rapid evolution of sequencing and genotyping technology has renewed the interest on genetic prediction. It should be recalled, however, that Mendel gave the basic model to predict traits determined by a single gene in the 19th century. In recent years, new knowledge on molecular genetics and the rapid evolution of sequencing and genotyping technology has renewed the interest on genetic prediction. It should be recalled, however, that Mendel gave the basic model to predict traits determined by a single gene in the 19th century. The model was extended to complex... 
On behalf of the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to inform you that, it’s been six long years we have started the Journal, now we are celebrating the 6th Anniversary and we are privileged to welcome Cancer Society to our journal. As Editor-In-Chief it is my great pleasure and honour to welcome you 
On behalf of the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to inform you that, it’s been Six long years we have started the Journal, now we are celebrating the 6th Anniversary and we are privileged to welcome Cancer Society to our journal. As Editor-In-Chief it is my great pleasure and honour to welcome you to 
adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose 
The Journal of 
Women drinking during pregnancy can result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), which features neurodevelopmental deficit, facial dysmorphology, growth retardation, and learning disability. Research suggests the human brain is precisely shaped through an intrinsic, genetic-cellular expression that is orchestrated further upstream by an epigenetic program. This program can be influenced by environmental inputs such as alcohol. Current research suggests the genetic and epigenetics of FASD are becoming intertwined and inseparable. Now is the time for investigators to combine genetic, genomic and epigenetic alcohol research into an accessible, online platform discussion. Genetic analyses inform gene sets vulnerable to alcohol exposure during... 
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The goal of public health is to prevent disease. It's much easier and more cost-effective to prevent a disease than to treat it. That's exactly what 
Our main motto is to unify individuals in the scholarly community and society keen on 
ELECTROPLATING Electroplating is a process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity. The term is also used for electrical [oxidation] of [anion]s on to a solid substrate, as in the formation of silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (such as abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming. The process used in electroplating is called electrodeposition. It is analogous to a concentration cell acting in reverse. The part to... 
Purpose of avoiding high inflammatory diets to the people who are suffering with Kidney diseases. Diet is an important part of managing many health conditions, and new research is shining a light on how essential it can be for healthy kidneys. Foods that cause inflammation in the body are numerous and often found in popular dishes in the United States. Pro-inflammatory foods include refined carbohydrates (unlike high-fiber, whole-grain carbs), sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, red meat, soda and other carbonated beverages, and fried foods. Even some vegetables, such as those in the nightshade family — including tomatoes, eggplants, and... 
As Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to welcome you to Our Journal of Environmental and Toxicology Studies. The 
Some of Urologic Diseases and Other Common Urologic Conditions 
The Journal 
On behalf of the Journal of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to welcome you to the Journal of Environmental and Toxicology Studies. The 
VOLUME 4 - MEDICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH EDUCATION 
MEDICAL RESEARCH 
VOLUME 5 - CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY “
VOLUME 5 - JOURNAL OF CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY & PREVENTION 
The world is facing multiple health challenges. These range from outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases like measles and diphtheria, increasing reports of drug-resistant pathogens, growing rates of obesity and physical inactivity to the health impacts of environmental pollution and climate change and multiple humanitarian crises. To address these threats, World Health Organization’s started a new 5-year strategic plan – the 13th General Programme of Work. This plan focuses on a triple billion target: ensuring 1 billion more people benefit from access to universal health coverage, 1 billion more people are protected from health emergencies and 1 billion more people enjoy better... 
A novel nanoparticle vaccine that combines two major influenza proteins is effective in providing broad, long-lasting protection against influenza virus in mice, showing promise as a universal flu vaccine. The double-layered nanoparticle vaccine contains the influenza virus proteins matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and neuraminidase (NA). Mice were immunized with the nanoparticle vaccine before being exposed to influenza virus, and they were protected against six different strains of the virus. “This nanoparticle antigen combination conferred mice with strong cross protection. “It can protect mice from different strains of influenza virus. Each season, we have different flu strains that affect us.... 
Antimicrobial Resistance: 
Brief of Virtual screening: Chemical Informatics 
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A heavy metal baseline score predicts outcome in AML: Case Report Abstract Despite abundant epidemiological data linking metals to leukemia and other cancers, baseline values of toxic and essential metals in patients with leukemia and the clinical impact of these metals remain unknown. Thus, we sought to quantify metal values in untreated patients with AML and controls and determine the impact of metal values on AML patients’ survival. Methods Serum samples from patients with untreated AML and controls at Hospices Civils de Lyon were analyzed and compared for trace metals and copper isotopic abundance ratios with inductively coupled plasma mass... 
Comparison of Two Wavefront Autorefractors: Binocular Open-Field versus Monocular Closed-Field Eye Refract System The Eye Refract system (Luneau Technology; Chartres, France) is a binocular open-field aberrometer combined with a phoropter. The Eye Refract incorporates two Hartmann–Shack sensors that perform objective refraction in both eyes at the same time. The wavefront metric used for the objective refraction determination is based on the principle of equivalent quadratic, using the method of paraxial curvature matching proposed by Thibos et al. [25] This method considers the high-order aberrations analysis up to 4th order, using the Zernike coefficients and for MSE determination, and for J0... 
Thermogenesis at the cellular level requires the function of uncoupling proteins, which are capable of dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane while uncoupling it from the process of ATP production, but instead, for heat generation. In mammals, two types of fat cells are involved in the process of non-shivering thermogenesis: (1) classic brown adipocytes, which are derived from a myf-5 positive muscle-like cellular lineage, are the main components of brown fat and the major players in heat generation; (2) "brown-like" adipocytes residing within white adipose depots that are also referred to as "beige" or "brite" adipocytes. A... 
Some of the best foods for people who are suffering from Kidney Diseases Kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products, releasing hormones that regulate blood pressure, balancing fluids in the body, producing urine, and many other essential tasks.There are various ways in which these vital organs can become damaged.Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common risk factors for kidney disease. However, obesity, smoking, genetics, gender, and age can also increase the risk. Uncontrolled blood sugar and high blood pressure cause damage to blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to function optimally.When the kidneys aren’t working... 
How the Kidney disease complications can be controlled Medications to protect your bones. Your doctor may prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplements to prevent weak bones and lower your risk of fracture. You may also take medication known as a phosphate binder to lower the amount of phosphate in your blood, and protect your blood vessels from damage by calcium deposit. Medications to treat anemia. In certain situations, your doctor may recommend supplements of the hormone erythropoietin, sometimes with added iron. Erythropoietin supplements aid in production of more red blood cells, which may relieve fatigue and weakness associated with anemia High blood... 
Reference electrode A reference electrode is an electrode which has a stable and well-known electrode potential. The high stability of the electrode potential is usually reached by employing a redox system with constant (buffered or saturated) concentrations of each participant of the redox reaction. There are many ways reference electrodes are used. The simplest is when the reference electrode is used as a half-cell to build an electrochemical cell. This allows the potential of the other half cell to be determined. An accurate and practical method to measure an electrode's potential in isolation (absolute electrode potential) has yet to be developed. Nonaqueous reference electrodes While it is convenient to compare between solvents to qualitatively... 
Electrochemical reaction mechanism Elementary steps like proton coupled electron transfer and the movement of electrons between an electrode and substrate are special to electrochemical processes. Electrochemical mechanisms are important to all redox chemistry including corrosion, redox active photochemistry including photosynthesis, other biological systems often involving electron transport chains and other forms of homogeneous and heterogeneous electron transfer. Such reactions are most often studied with standard three electrode techniques such as cyclic voltammetry(CV), chronoamperometry, and bulk electrolysis as well as more complex experiments involving rotating disk electrodes and rotating ring-disk electrodes. In the case of photoinduced electron transfer the use of time-resolved spectroscopy is common. When describing electrochemical reactions an "E" and "C" formalism is often employed. The E represents... 
There is growing evidence from around the world that even if young people want to act in ways that promote their health, they often have formidable barriers to overcome before they can turn their intentions in to action. However, there has been limited up to date research evidence on this aspect to take appropriate interventions. To assess youth friendly sexual and reproductive health services utilizations and associated factors among youth of Bale zone Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study design was conducted in March, 2015. Four towns which have health centers providing youth friendly services were included in the... 
The article is a reflective essay based on empirical data (in random sampling) in an anonymous woman’s self-narrative. Though it is not a research study, it will shed light on feminist scholarship in view to highlighting the search for motherhood in striving for the essence of womanhood via the first attempt of ivf (In vitro fertilisation). Women and medicine are connected. It is a new breakthrough for a woman’s life writing. Desiring for motherhood is illustrated. This would pose an impact on women desiring for motherhood in the perspective of women’s health and reproductive medicine. One could not write... 
Mitochondria are dynamic, communicating and highly regulated organelles under the dual control of nuclear DNA (1500 genes) and their own mitochondrial DNA, a 16.6 kb circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), encoding 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA and 13 subunits of the OXPHOS system. Those unique features are responsible for the complexity of mitochondria biology in health and disease. In the last decade, the application of next generation sequencing techniques has shed light on several processes governing mitochondrial genetics. This include: dissecting transcription and translation processes, identifying mitochondrial DNA and RNA modifications in tissues or application of single-cell based essays to characterise new... 
X-rays 
Patients of 
The 
A 
SCOPE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH 
VOLUME 4 - JOURNAL of MEDICAL RESEARCH and HEALTH EDUCATION 
On behalf of the Journal of 
Our Journal 
Recurrent miscarriage is two or more consecutive pregnancy losses. Infertility differs because it is the inability to conceive. In many cases the cause of RPL is unknown. After three or more losses, a thorough evaluation is recommended by American Society of Reproductive Medicine. About 1% of couples trying to have children are affected by recurrent miscarriage. This occurs in woman with genetic disorders in embryo formation and fertilization. As the clinical cause for recurrent miscarriages might be immunological aberrations, immunotherapy includes - Immunization with paternal cells, Immunization with third party donor leukocytes, Immunization with trophoblast membrane infusion and Intravenous immunoglobulin.... 
Our
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which your body does not make enough insulin or cannot use normal amounts of insulin properly. The small blood vessels in the body are injured with diabetes. You may build up waste materials in your blood and also have protein in your urine. Diabetes also may cause damage to nerves in your body. This can cause difficulty in emptying your bladder. The pressure resulting from your full bladder can back up and injure the kidneys. The 
Veterinary Medicine is a branch of Veterinary science which deals with the diagnosis of diseases and their treatment in Animals. Whereas Veterinary Science is a broader term and would include much more than just diagnosis and treatment of diseases in Animals. The 
For the benefit of the 
As Editor-in-Chief of 
On behalf of the Journal of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to welcome you to the Journal of Environmental and Toxicology Studies. The 
The 
Pediatrics is a branch of medicine that deals with infants, children and adolescents and their diseases. A child's physician provides not only medical care for children who are acutely or chronically ill but also preventive health services for healthy children. This category includes news on childhood diseases and illnesses, parenting tips, learning and development, social skills, breastfeeding and infant care. From developing groundbreaking treatments for deadly chronic diseases to saving babies who are born premature, pediatric researchers have increased the ability of children to live full and fulfilling lives that only a few decades before would have been tragically cut... 
Journal of Molecular biology and Biotechnology is a peer reviewed journal that focusses on comprehensive and extensive coverage of research developments in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology. Molecular biology is a branch of biology that concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions. The field of molecular biology studies macromolecules and the macromolecular mechanisms found in living things, such as the molecular nature of the gene and its mechanisms of gene replication,... 
Some of the sub-disciplines related to Urology 
Partial Nephrectomy Managed with Selective Embolization 
This Research Topic includes studies that provide scientific evidence through research and development for advancing traditional 
As Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to welcome you to Our Journal of Environmental and Toxicology Studies. The 
Sigma-1 receptor agonists have been widely accepted for their antidepressant roles, and it is observed that most clinically successful SSRIs/SNRIs are sigma-1 receptor ligands. These agonists have also been found to be of interest to researchers studying Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Sigma-1 antagonists show great promise in the treatment of cancer, as they can shrink tumours while having no observable effect on their animal hosts. Antagonists are in clinical trials for the treatment of pain, with interesting data in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Recent findings also show positive results in the co-treatment of classical anticancer drugs with sigma-1 antagonists to... 
MEDICAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICES 
Contraindications and Mechanism of Pembrolizumab 
So far, progress of microbial physiology has depended on the use of pure cultures. Study of a microbial strain in pure culture was essential to obtain unambiguous results about metabolism, regulation or cell biology, especially when a genetic system or a complete genome sequence was available. Unfortunately, it is also all but impossible to interpret results from physiological studies in ecological context. Indeed, for many highly interesting model organisms, meaningful definition of an ecological niche has defied decades of intensive study. Advances in next generation DNA and RNA sequencing, community proteomics, and metabolomics, in combination with advances in computational procedures... 
SCIENTEFIC KNOWLEDGE IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia. Angina usually causes uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the centre of the chest. You may also feel the discomfort in your neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm. (Many types of chest discomfort — like heartburn, lung infection or inflammation — aren‘t related to angina.) Angina in women can be different than in men. Symptoms of... 
Submission Article submissions should be done using the online Editor Manager System or through E-mail IDs provided at the respective journal’s site. Resubmission when you have got altered your paper in mild of the peer reviewer’s comments and you've got written a masking letter to the editor explaining the adjustments you made or refuting the reviewer’s comments, you are prepared to resubmit. Try to resubmit as quickly as you can. Generally, this makes it simpler to do because the paper is still fresh on your mind. The scientific world actions very quickly so that you... 
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Immunology 
Immunology at its congruity 
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AR5 Synthesis Report by IPCC on the potential impacts of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and their effect on natural and human systems emphasized populations who are at increased risk of adverse consequences such as developing countries and disadvantaged people. Preparing health systems, including public health, worldwide to adapt to these future threats will avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality. This requires research on the direct and indirect health effects of climate change impacts due to increasing temperature, extreme weather events and population displacement from sea-level rise. By analyzing past events on a sub-regional, regional as well as global scale models can... 
For the benefit of the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my particular respect and benefit to educate you that, it's been Five long years we have begun the Journal, presently we are commending the fifth Anniversary and we are favored to invite Cancer Society to our diary. As Editor-In-Chief it is my extraordinary joy and respect to invite you to the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access. The Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access intends to scatter information and advance discourse through the distribution of companion inspected, top notch investigate papers on all themes identified... 
Violence is widespread, affects women of all cultures globally, breeds in silence, and finds legitimacy through cultural norms. Perpretors are partners, husbands, family, and friends. It may be domestic violence (DV), sexual (SV) or other type of violence at home or work or public place, serious violation of women’s rights as human beings. It is important cause of physical, psychological health problems. Objectives: Objectives were to get information about burden of intimate partner/ domestic/societal violence, effects on women’s health. Information as per objectives was collected by various search engines by simple review and local research, experience of managing cases was... 
Uterine Fibroids remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women of various age groups. Many treatment options abound. The aim of this study was to determine the presentation and surgical treatment options offered in a private gynecology unit, in Enugu, Nigeria. A retrospective review of surgically managed cases of Uterine Fibroids between January 2001 and December 2015. Data was obtained from outpatient, ward, operating and laboratory case records. Analysis of data was done using SPSS version 20 with descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage. Chi-square test at 95% confidence interval was used to test for association between the... 
The importance of tubuloreticular inclusions in lupus nephritis: Case Report Summary Tubuloreticular inclusions (TRI) are distinctive cytoplasmic structures of unknown origin that typically associate with autoimmune and viral diseases. We investigated the clinical and prognostic relevance of TRI detection in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). We conducted a single centre study of patients (n=84) with biopsy evidence of LN. Clinical variables included demographics, SLEDAI score, and autoantibody profiling; while histological evaluation included TRI presence, International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classification with NIH activity and chronicity indices, immunofluorescence, and other EM findings. Patients with and without TRI were... 
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing non-essential amino-acid produced as the result of the metabolism of the essential amino-acid methionine. Hcy levels are influenced by several factors, including age, renal function, genetic polymorphisms, dietary habits and lifestyle conditions. Increased plasma level of Hcy is defined as Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). HHcy has been linked to several pathological conditions; among them cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases are receiving increasing attention by scientific investigations. The aim of this review was to discuss the pathological mechanisms, mostly investigated by basic research and animal models that HHcy is able to trigger in the brain and reporting the... 
Approach to nodal-based T-cell lymphomas: Pathology Case Report Summary Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of uncommon malignancies derived from mature T cells and usually characterised by an aggressive clinical course. Their clinical presentation, localisation and pattern of dissemination are highly variable, but the majority of cases present as nodal diseases. The recently revised classification of lymphomas has incorporated many new molecular genetic data derived from gene expression profiling and next generation sequencing studies, which refine the definition and diagnostic criteria of several entities. Nevertheless, the distinction of PTCL from various reactive conditions, and the diagnosis of PTCL... 
Dementia symptoms: The symptom of cognitive impairment appears. The phenomena of degradation in memory, learning ability, language function, problem-solving ability, orientation, attention and concentration, judgment, time and space perception ability and social ability occur. Personality disorder appears as a neuropsychiatric symptom. The symptom of depression, aggression, lethargy, indifference, self-centred behaviour, anxiety, frustration, delinquency, paranoia, hallucination and delusion, delusional disorder, and insomnia appear. There is a phenomenon of functional ability impairment. As the coordination and skills of motor gradually get deteriorated, the physical activities of daily living, the instrumental activities of daily living and protection ability decline. Treatment of dementia: Although... 
American Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey (AJCSES) provides coverage of the most significant work on principles of computer science, broadly construed. The scope of research covered encompasses contributions of lasting value to any area of computer science. To be accepted, a paper must be judged to be truly outstanding in its field. AJCSES is interested in work in core computer science and in work at the boundaries, both the boundaries of subdisciplines of computer science and the boundaries between computer science and other fields. Manuscripts elucidating research surveys, technical reports, overviews, latest innovations and advancements in applied computer... 
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Journal of Medical Research & Health Education is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Medical & Health Sciences. The Journal is an academic journal providing an opportunity to researchers and scientist to explore the advanced and latest research developments in the field of health research, education, health development, medical education, human diseases and related academic disciplines. Journal of Medical Research & Health Education deals with surgery, internal medicine, cardiology, orthopaedics, infectious diseases and HIV/AIDs, obstetrics and gynaecology, oncology, and neurology, immunology, anaesthesia, cardiovascular medicine, complementary medicine, dentistry and... 
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On behalf of the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to inform you that, it’s been Five long years we have started the Journal, now we are celebrating the 5th Anniversary and we are privileged to welcome Cancer Society to our journal. As Editor-In-Chief it is my great pleasure and honour to welcome you to the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access. The general idea has been that as tumors grow and cancer cells accumulate more and more genetic changes, or mutations, some cells acquire the ability to move from the... 
On behalf of the Journal, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to welcome you to the Journal of Environmental and Toxicology Studies. The 
Peripheral artery disease (also called peripheral arterial disease) is a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to your limbs. Peripheral artery disease is also likely to be a sign of a more widespread accumulation of fatty deposits in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This condition may be reducing blood flow to your heart and brain, as well as your legs. Peripheral artery disease signs and symptoms include: Painful cramping in one or both of your hips, thighs or calf muscles after certain activities, such as walking or climbing stairs Leg numbness or weakness Coldness in your lower... 
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build-up of plaque. Initially, there are generally no symptoms. When severe, it can result in coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or kidney problems, depending on which arteries are affected. Symptoms, if they occur, generally do not begin until middle age. Prevention is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight. Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower cholesterol such as statins, blood pressure medication, or medications that decrease clotting, such as aspirin. A number of... 
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The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare serum calcium and phosphate status in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and determine the effect of parity in postmenopausal women. The study was a cross-sectional study was carried out in a catholic mission hospital in Benin City, Nigeria. A total of 40 pre-menopausal and 280 post postmenopausal women with 40 each with parity ranging from 0 to 6 were included in this study. Following standard ethical process and laboratory procedures, the blood sample was obtained from each woman for estimation of serum calcium and phosphate concentrations. Statistical analysis was done using... 
The girl child education is a major issue in developing countries. Female education is influenced by culture, religion and other practices especially in rural areas. No study has previously investigated the situation in a suburban community in Edo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted to assess parental attitude, practice and factors influencing girl child education amongst parents' in the area. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study targeted at parents with at least a child of school age using an interview-based semi-structured questionnaire. Data was collected using the multistage sampling technique and was analyzed via SPSS version 21.146 parents participated... 
The 20th century began with the re-discovery of Mendel’s laws of heredity; the 21st century began with the Human Genome Project’s working draft of the human genome sequence. We are rapidly approaching a postgenomic era in which we will know the entire genome sequence and, most importantly, all the DNA variations in the genome sequence. These DNA polymorphisms are the source of hereditary influence and will revolutionize genetic research on individual differences (Robert Plomin). Psychometrics and behavioral genetic have already contributed a substantial number of collaborative studies that redefined psychological phenomena such as general intelligence, extra/introversion, or even cooperativeness in... 
On behalf of the 
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common type of infection worldwide and have resulted in billions of dollars in medical care costs. E. coli is the most important cause of 80- 90% of all UTIs. Uropathogenic E. coli infects the urinary tract by producing special surface proteins (adhesions), which give them the ability to attack the epithelial cells that line the urinary bladder. If pathogenic E. coli is in the bladder, and is not eliminated, it may travel up the ureters to the kidneys and cause pyelonephritis. The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a growing problem worldwide. A numbers of E. coli isolates have been...