Eliminate insect pests in a sustainable way by using sex pheromones

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Insect infestation is a serious problem in agriculture and forestry, and it is typically controlled by applying insecticide sprays or using genetically modified plant kinds. Due to the development of insect pest resistance and the removal of various insecticides from the market due to their toxicity, the situation has gotten worse over the past ten years. Since more than 30 years ago, high-value fruits have mostly been the target of pheromone-based pest management tactics because to the high cost of chemical manufacture and pheromone administration. As biotechnology-based methods for pheromone synthesis emerge, pheromones will become an economically feasible pest management strategy for low-value row crops. In this article, the pheromone biosynthetic pathway findings are discussed together with the current yeast and plant engineering for pheromone recombinant production. As an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional insecticides, pheromones have taken their place. The bulk of pheromone-based pest control strategies target lepidopteran pests of high-value crops because current manufacturing methods cannot yet produce pheromones at low enough costs to enable their use for lower-value crops, particularly commodity crops. Camelina sativa seeds that had been genetically modified to express hexadecenoic acid, a precursor to multiple moth species' sex pheromones, were utilised to isolate, purify, and produce the final pheromone. The field management capability of moth pest trap lures that contain this pheromone was then assessed. Plant-derived pheromone lures were equally effective as synthetic pheromone lures in controlling the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in cabbage and preventing the mating of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, in fields of common beans. According to our research, pheromones can be produced in plant factories with biological efficacy and commercial feasibility through metabolic engineering of an oilseed crop. To address these problems and reduce the use of neuro active pesticides for pest management, many countries have put regulations in place. This has given alternative pest control techniques a chance to gain traction in the market. One particularly interesting strategy is the use of sex pheromones to prevent or decrease damage from insect pests through surveillance, mass capture, or mating disruption. Sex pheromones are often species-specific chemical messages that influence the behaviour or physical changes of other members of the same species. Its functions in mate communication and reproductive isolation are linked to their species identity, which is typically attained by combining a specific mixture of structurally identical molecules. The high-value horticultural fruit and nut crops have had the most success employing mating disruption using sex pheromones to yet, but it has also been used in forestry and stored goods. Pheromones are already utilised in "attract and kill" and mating disruption pest control techniques, but new techniques are required to produce these intricate molecules. Insect sex pheromones are employed as a sustainable alternative to traditional, increasingly divisive chemical-based pesticides to cause sexual confusion in the target species and deter them from laying eggs in the crop.